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box 6.4
Introduction and overview of the Canadian Remedial Action Plan (RAP) program
The 1987 revision of the Canada-United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement formalized the requirements for Remedial Action Plans (RAPs). Restoration of beneficial uses within the Areas of Concern (AOCs) is the primary mission of RAPs and is an essential step in restoring the integrity of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem.
Canada and Ontario committed themselves under the Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem to joint development and implementation of RAPs for the Canadian AOCs. The lead provincial and federal agencies are the Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy and Environment Canada, respectively. The current Canada-Ontario Agreement target is to restore 60% of all impaired uses, leading to the delisting of nine AOCs by the year 2000.
The Canada-Ontario Agreement RAP program emphasizes adoption of a
systematic and comprehensive ecosystem approach to restoring and
protecting beneficial uses and the area's ability to support
aquatic life. Particular attention has been given to ensuring that
the public is consulted on all aspects of the RAP program.
Guidelines for public involvement were developed and implemented
early in the program, and local public advisory committees were
established to provide direction for the plans and to generate
community awareness and support for them. This awareness and
support are crucial for successful implementation of RAPs.
RAPs are an iterative, action-planning process used to identify the responsibility and time frame for implementing remedial and preventative actions necessary to restore impaired uses in a three-stage process. Stage 1 includes problem definition and identification of sources and causes of environmental degradation; Stage 2 identifies goals and remedial and preventative actions to restore beneficial uses; and Stage 3 requires confirmation of the effectiveness of those measures and restoration of the beneficial uses. Documents are developed at each of these stages and forwarded to the IJC for review and comment. To date, of the original 17 AOCs
in Canada, one, Collingwood Harbour, has been delisted as an AOC (delisted in 1995; Hartig and Dolan 1995). The remaining 16 are at various stages of development and implementation.
One of the driving forces behind the Canadian RAPs is Environment Canada's Great Lakes Clean-up Fund. Since 1990, $43 million in federal funds has been directed to the goals of cleaning up contaminated harbour sediments using safe technologies, solving sewage treatment plant problems caused by combined storm and sanitary sewers, restoring and creating fish and wildlife habitat, and public education. This has levered an additional $79 million from other implementors.
Although the ultimate success of a RAP is measured by restoration of beneficial uses, including biological recovery, the critical content of RAPs consists of the clear identification of a limited number of key action steps that are essential to recovery. The process of identifying those high-priority actions and gaining support for their implementation lies at the heart of the RAP process. Many of the use impairments and problems in AOCs are
similar; however, the site-specific approaches and solutions vary
substantially. Therefore, it is important to continue to emphasize
cooperative learning through RAPs, monitor progress, and recognize
our mutual dependencies in restoring and maintaining the integrity
of the Great Lakes.
Lakewide Management Plans (LaMPs) are intended to set lakewide
reduction targets for critical pollutants. As such, they may seek
reductions in pollutants that are not fully addressed by RAPs. RAPs
contribute to lakewide resolution of impairments, as most industry
and contaminated sediment are in AOCs. LaMPs will invariably
reinforce the need for RAP implementation........................................
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Lakewide Management Plans (LaMPs)
* A LaMP is a comprehensive strategy developed jointly by the United
States and Canada to restore and protect beneficial uses in the open
waters of each Great Lake.
* LaMPs are developed by binational committees led by Environment
Canada and the United States Environmental Protection Agency with
participation from the State and Provincial agencies
* LaMPs are designed to develop objectives and indicators and to take a
broad, lakewide ecosystem approach to:
1. identify impaired beneficial uses and their associated causes;
2. determine which factors are critical to the status of the lake
ecosystem;
3. identify existing and necessary management strategies to restore
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